The fiery sound of rock en Espanol began as a reactionary political movement, but today the term can refer to any band that employs Spanish singing and the Western traditional rock instrumental combination of electric guitar, bass and drums. Sensibly, the birthplace of rock en Espanol is generally considered to be the politically tempestuous border state of Mexico. Innovative bands like Caifanes attracted devoted crowds and filled stadiums in the mid-80’s. Caifanes, who are also often categorized as post-punk, picked up electric guitars after discovering dark English bands like Joy Division and The Cure. As a reaction to the antiseptic pop idols dominating the charts, they presented a loud, mystical image that incorporated traditional musical elements like mariachi styles and samba rhythms with Western rock music and guitar pyrotechnics. After Caifanes broke down the barrier, bands in every country in Latin America began incorporating elements of rock n’ roll into various combinations of traditional and new music. Today, the list of bands singing in Spanish and refusing to conform to traditional native preconceptions is so long and the sounds are so diverse that it would be nearly meaningless to list them all. Argentina’s A.N.I.M.A.L. gave a passionate nativist political spin to heavy metal throughout the 90’s, while Columbia’s Ekhymosis used rock riffs to call attention to police brutality (and also gave rise to Latin music superstar Juanes.) Rock en Espanol isn’t confined to Latin America either. Out of France comes the multi-culti, multilingual Manu Chao, while America is the home of the Los Angeles rap-rock party collective Ozomotali and the brassy ska-rock sounds of New York’s King Chango.